Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Carnot limit for a heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump from hot and cold absolute temperatures, with work and heat flows.

Final temperature of mixed masses (water, ice, steam, solids) with specific heats and water latent heats of fusion and boiling.

Steady conduction heat flow through a slab or cylinder wall of layers in series, with R-values and interface temperatures.

Newton convection, Stefan-Boltzmann net radiation with emissivity, the radiation coefficient and combined heat loss.

Heat exchanger LMTD (counterflow or parallel) with duty and area, or counterflow effectiveness-NTU outlet temperatures.

Ideal gas isothermal, isobaric, isochoric or adiabatic process: final state, work, heat and internal energy change.

Saturation vapor pressure of water from 1 to 100 C by Antoine and Magnus equations, or the boiling point at a pressure.

Linear, area and volume change of a solid for a temperature change, with typical coefficients for common materials.