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Uses da/dt = -rho×sqrt(mu×a)/ballistic_coefficient for a circular orbit, holds density and ballistic coefficient constant, and linearly projects altitude over a bounded horizon. Real density changes rapidly with altitude and solar activity; the result is not a lifetime prediction or maneuver plan.

Combines caller-supplied AIS gap duration, unmatched satellite detections, night-observation fraction, and position discrepancy into a bounded score. It does not identify a vessel, link detections, establish illegal activity, or replace maritime intelligence review.

Computes mean NDVI and an ordinary least-squares daily NDVI trend, then applies yield = intercept + mean_coefficient×mean_NDVI + trend_coefficient×daily_trend. It does not derive NDVI from imagery, account for crop stage or weather, or provide an agronomically calibrated forecast unless the caller supplies valid coefficients.

Propagates a circular two-body orbit from altitude, inclination, RAAN, and initial orbital phase; rotates Earth at a fixed sidereal rate; and samples ground-station elevation. It ignores eccentricity, perturbations, epoch-dependent Greenwich angle, refraction, ellipsoid shape, terrain, and antenna masks, so it is a planning estimate rather than operational ephemeris.

Propagates two caller-supplied Cartesian states with constant velocity, analytically finds the clamped time of closest approach, and compares miss distance with combined hard-body radius. It ignores gravity, covariance, maneuver uncertainty, tracking error, and nonlinear dynamics and is not an operational conjunction assessment.

Maps a caller-supplied Kp value to conventional G0–G5 bands, maps Dst to declared disturbance bands, and combines severity with geomagnetic latitude and infrastructure class. It does not retrieve observations, forecast a storm, model local ground conductivity, or predict equipment failure.

Fits ordinary least squares to log radiance by year, converts the slope to annual radiance change, and applies a caller-supplied economic elasticity. Night lights are an imperfect proxy affected by sensors, saturation, electrification, outages, policy, and conflict; this is not an official economic statistic or causal estimate.

Checks wind, gust, lightning distance, precipitation, cloud fraction, and temperature against caller-supplied limits and reports every failed rule. It does not retrieve observations, forecast weather, interpret vehicle-specific rules, detect upper-level winds, or authorize a launch.

Treats cells at or above a caller threshold as foreground, labels four-neighbor connected components, and reports area, bounding box, peak, and mean value. It does not ingest imagery, calibrate backscatter, remove speckle, geolocate pixels, classify objects, or infer real-world meaning.

Sums enhancement_ppm×pixel_area, multiplies by wind speed, plume orientation, and a caller-supplied conversion factor, and reports the resulting proxy and optional kg/h estimate. It does not retrieve satellite data, remove background, solve atmospheric transport, determine source location, or validate the conversion factor.